一、 词汇
1. willing adj. 乐意的，自愿的
be willing to do sth. 乐意做某事
be willing for sb. to do sth. 愿意让某人做某事
He is a kind-hearted man, who is willing to help others. 他是一位心地善良且乐于助人的人。
2. trouble
in trouble 处于不幸中，在监禁中
ask for trouble 自寻烦恼
get into trouble 遇到麻烦，出事
have trouble in doing sth. 做某事有困难
Make trouble 制造麻烦
Save/spare trouble 省事，避免麻烦
3. fight vt.&vi. (fought, fought)打仗，打架
fight for 为……而战
fight against 与……作战（斗争）
fight with 与……作战，（并肩）作战
fight back 还击，忍住
fight one’s way back(out,etc.) 费很大劲
4. heart
lose one’s heart (to) 爱上，喜欢上
lose heart 灰心，泄气
break one’s heart 使人难过（心碎）
from the bottom of one’s heart 从内心里
put one’s heart into 把全部心思放在……
heart and soul 全心全意地
a heavy heart 沉重的心情
learn/know by heart 计熟
5. prison
1) put…in prison
send…to prison
throw/cast…into prison 把……投入监狱
2) go to prison 入狱
be in prison 在狱中，被监禁
be taken to prison 被关入监狱
break (out of) prison 越狱
6. give up 和 give in的区别
give up表示主动放弃或屈服，可接宾语也可单独用。其宾语可以是名词、代词、动名词。如果宾语是代词时，要放在up之前。
give in表示被动屈服或认输，后面不带宾语
Don’t give up halfway. 不要半途而废。
You can’t win the game, so you may as well give in. 你赢不了这场比赛，还是认输吧。
7. advise
advise + n./doing sth.
advise sb. (not) to do sth.
advise + that从句（should）do
advise sb. on sth.
advise sb. against doing sth. 建议某人不要做某事
8. 零冠词在某些短语中的使用
在英语中的某些短语里可有定冠词和零冠词，但其意思区别在于往往加冠词表示处所，而零冠词则表示行为。
go to school 上学（表示上学读书）
go to the school 到学校去（可能是去办事）
in church 在教堂做礼拜
in the church 在教堂里
at table 在吃饭
at the table 在餐桌旁
9. as a matter of fact （=in fact）
1) 事实上，实际上
As a matter of fact, I don’t know the truth. 事实上，我不知道事情真相
2) 事实恰恰相反（用于强调或修正前句）
He doesn’t mind. As a mater of fact, he’s pleased. 他并不介意，其实他很高兴。
10. blow up 主要有以下含义
1) 炸毁，（使）炸得粉碎
Rebels attempted to blow up the bridge. 叛乱分子企图炸毁桥梁。
2) 吹胀，给……充气，打气
Stop at the gas station and we’ll blow up the tyres.在加油站停一下，我们要给轮胎打气。
11. equal 为形容词，无比较级，意为“相等的，同等的”
equal pay for equal 同工同酬
1) be equal to 表示“与……相等”
Twice three is equal to six. 二三得六。
2) be/feel equal to (doing) sth.还可表好似“胜任，经得起”的意思。
He is equal to (doing) this task. 他能胜任这项任务。
3) equal vt. 意为“等于，比得上”
Four times five equals twenty. 四乘五等于二十。
12. work on
1) 致力于
I worked all night on that article. 我通宵在写那篇文章。
2) 努力影响说服某人做某事
My parents spent the weekend working on me to go on holiday with them.爸妈用了一个周末来说服我和他们一起去度假。
Work还可构成如下短语：
work on 从事，致力于
work out 算出，制定出
work one’s way 努力前进获得
work away 不停地工作
work up 使激昂，激起，发展成
13. work做名词构成的词组
out of work 失业的（=out of a job）
in work 有工作
go to work 去上班
off work 在休班
at work 在工作中，在上班
after work 下班后
begin/start work 开始工作
二、 重点句型
1. And what qualities does a great person have？一个伟人有什么样的品质？
quality，词性名词，意为“质量”时是不可数名词，意为“品质，性质”时是可数名词。
of great quality意为“具有高质量的”，可作定语和表语。
I want some meat of the best quality.
我要一些质量最好的肉。
They spoke of his fine qualities as a modern painter.
他们(还)谈到了他作为一名当代画家的优秀品质。
2. A great person is someone who devotes his/her life to helping others.伟人就是把自己的一生致力于帮助他人的人。
devote，词性动词，意为“奉献，献身；投注……”，常与介词to搭配，构成devote...to...
结构，to是介词，后接名词或动名词。devote oneself to意为“致力于，献身于”；devote
one’s life to意为“把某人的生命献给……”；devote one’s energy to意为“把某人的精
力献给……”。
devotion n.(与to连用)献身；忠诚；热心；专心
devoted adj.热心的，忠诚的；恩爱的；献身的；专心于……的；专用于……的
He is devoted to his country.
他精忠报国。
They’re a devoted couple.
他们是一对恩爱夫妻。
This is a magazine devoted to children’s literature.
这是一本儿童文学刊物。
3. The last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress，...过去30年来所出现的大量法律剥夺我们的权利，阻挡我们的进步，……
本句的主语是the last thirty years，不是表人的而是表时间的。在英语表达中，有时用表
时间或地点的词作主语，可使语言显得生动形象，此时的谓语动词常用see或find。
(1)随后几年，她在许多剧中扮演角色。
The following years saw her act in many plays.
(2)第二天清晨人们发现这小女孩躺在街上，死了。
The next morning found the little girl lay on the street，dead.
4. ...until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all.……一直到今
天我们处于毫无权利可言的地步。
stage，词性名词，意为“舞台；阶段；时期”，其后接的定语从句常用where引导，相当
于at which或in which。
point，situation，case(情形；案例)，occasion(场合)，position等名词后接定语从句时，其
关系词常用where。
...we were put into a position in which we had either to accept we were less important，or fight
the government.
我们被置于这样一个境地：要么我们被迫接受低人一等的现实，要么跟政府作斗争。
There is one point where I’d like your advice.
有时我也乐意听取你的建议。
Imagine that you are in a situation where no one believes in you.
设想你在一个没人信任你的环境中。
5. Black people couldn’t vote or choose their leaders.黑人们不能选举或选择自己的领导人。
(1)vote用作及物动词时，后可接单宾语、双宾语、动词不定式或宾语从句。
vote sb./sth.投票支持(人或政党)
vote＋双宾语选出或推举某人担任某职
vote to do sth.投票去做某事
vote＋that从句投票去做某事
(2)vote用作不及物动词时，常与以下介词连用：[来源:学科网]
vote for/against sth.投票赞成/反对……
vote on sth.就……投票表决
vote还可作名词，意为“选举；投票；表决”。
The matter will be decided by vote. 此事将投票表决。
In that country，people get the vote at the age of 18.
在那个国家，人们年满18岁获得选举权。
(1)Many people voted for (投票支持)Obama in the election of America.
(2)Now we will vote on (投票)this project.
(3)We Chinese women have the vote (选举权).
6... .Only then did we decide to answer violence with violence.……只有到那时，我们才决定用暴力对付暴力。
当only修饰状语置于句首时，主句经常使用倒装结构。其结构
为：Only＋状语＋助动词(情态动词或be)＋主语＋动词原形。
only修饰主语时不用倒装语序。
Only fifty of the original one hundred men came back.
在原来的一百人当中，只有五十人回来了。
7. As a matter of fact，I do not like violence...but in 1963 I helped him blow up some
government buildings.事实上，我不喜欢暴力……但1963年我却帮着他炸毁了一些政府的建筑物。
as a matter of fact意为“事实上，实际上”，同义短语是in fact。blow up意为“使充气；
爆炸”。blow away吹走
8. Elias went to see Nelson Mandela when he was in trouble.伊莱亚斯身处困境时就去找曼德
拉。
I happened to be there when you were in trouble.当你有困难时我碰巧在那儿。
He is ready to help those in trouble.他乐意帮助身处困境的人。
in trouble意为“有困难”，在句中作表语或定语。trouble前无冠词。
make trouble惹是生非
get into trouble遇到麻烦
ask for trouble自找麻烦
have trouble/difficulty (in) doing sth.做某事有困难
have trouble with sth.对……有麻烦
take (the) trouble to do sth.不辞辛苦地做某事
9. Why did Nelson Mandela turn to violence to make black and white people equal？为让黑
人与白人平等，曼德拉为什么会求助于暴力？
turn to意为“转向；求助于；致力于……”，其中to是介词，后接名词或动名词。
三、 语法
定语从句(二)
定语从句所修饰的先行词在定语从句中作地点、时间、原因状语时，常用关系副词或“介词＋which”引导定语从句，并在定语从句中作状语；另外，当关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常由“介词＋which/whom”引导
1.where表示地点，只能跟在表地点或场合的名词后，在定语从句中只能作地点状语。注意：
where不在从句中作主语或宾语。
It’s one of the few countries where people drive on the left.
Think of a place where we can go for dinner.
2.when表示时间，只能跟在表时间的名词后，在定语从句中只能作时间状语。
Oct.1,1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
3.why表示原因，通常跟在reason后引导定语从句，在定语从句中只能作原因状语。
I don’t know the reason why she looks unhappy today.
This is the reason why(＝ for which) he cried.
4.介词＋which/whom结构
(1)当关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常由“介词＋which/whom”引导；关系副
词有时也可以被此结构代替。
Tomorrow I will bring here the magazine (that/which) you asked for.
＝Tomorrow I will bring here the magazine for which you asked.
(2)关系词whose常用“the＋名词＋of which”或“of which＋the＋名词”结构来代替。
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
The classroom of which the door is broken will soon be repaired.
(3)“介词＋which/whom”前可有some，any，none，both，all，neither，most，each，few
等代词或者数词，表示部分与整体的关系。
He loved his parents deeply，both of whom are very kind to him.
In the basket there are quite many apples，some of which have gone bad.
There are forty students in our class in all，most of whom are from big cities.
【注意】1.含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for，look after，take care of等。
This is the watch which/that I am looking for.(√)
This is the watch for which I am looking.(×)
2.若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用
which，不能用that。
The man with whom you talked is my friend.(√)
The man with that you talked is my friend.(×)
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